Inovativna rešenja u suzbijanju korova u usevima

Abstract

U intenzivnoj ratarskoj proizvodnji je uobičajena upotreba sredstava za zaštitu bilja. S druge strane, pojava rezistentnosti korova, štetočina i patogena, zagađenje agroekosistema pa i ugroženost zdravlja ljudi usled primene pesticida, problemi su sa kojima smo svakodnevno suočeni. U cilju smanjenja pojave rezistentnosti i šteta po životnu sredinu, u Institutu za kukuruz Zemun Polje se više od 20 godina proučavaju efekti kombinovane primene različitih mera u okviru Sistema integrisanih mera za suzbijanje korova, čijom primenom bi se planski i dugoročno smanjila brojnost korova. U cilju optimizacije primene herbicida, ispitivan je uticaj različitih rasprskivača (dizni) i ađuvanata na efikasnost herbicida. Gajenje kukuruza u dvopoljnom plodoredu sa pšenicom i posebno tropoljnom plodoredu sa leguminozom, doprinosi značajnom smanjenju zakorovljenosti i povećanju prinosa. Nakon osam godina primene herbicida u preporučenoj količini u tropoljnom plodoredu kukuruz-ozima pšenica-soja, masa korova je bila manja za 92.8% u odnosu na kontrolu, dok je u monokulturi smanjenje iznosilo 79.8%. Mere poput obrade zemljišta i primene đubriva, povećane gustine setve ili smanjenog međurednog razmaka, takođe imaju značajan uticaj na intezitet pojave korova u usevima. Najveći uticaj na efikasnost herbicida ispoljili su ađuvanti, a u manjoj meri različiti rasprskivači zbog čega se preporučuje njihova primena zajedno sa herbicidima radi postizanja veće efikasnosti. Razlike između rasprskivača koji proizvodi fine kapljice herbicida u odnosu na rasprskivač koji proizvodi krupnije su ukazale na tačan spektar kapljica u odnosu na rasprskivač, depoziciju herbicida na rastojanju do 0,5-12 m od otvora rasprskivača, kao i potencijalnu fitotoksičnost na useve za koje ispitivani herbicidi nisu registrovani. Značajnija oštećenja i veća količina deponovonog herbicida je utvrđena kod rasprskivača koji proizvodi finije kapljice.

The application of plant protection products is common in intensive crop production. On the other hand, the occurrence of resistance of weeds, pests and pathogens, pollution of agroecosystems, even the threat to human health due to the use of pesticides are common problem. In order to stop or slow down the process of emergence of resistance and to reduce damages to the environment, weeds and other pests need to be suppressed by an integrated approach, that is, to design a system of measures that would systematically and far-reaching reduce the abundance of harmful organisms. In order to effectively control weeds, these issues have been observed at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje over past 20 years. One of the most important measures within the system of integrated weed management is a crop rotation, which, in recent years, has been avoided due to high prices and continuous cropping had been used especially in maize production. However, growing maize in the two-yearcrop rotation with winter wheat and particularly in the three-year crop rotation with legumes, has been contributing to a significant reduction in weediness and in the yield increase. After the eight-year application of herbicides in recommended amounts in the three-crop rotation (maize-winter wheat soybean), weed mass decreased by 92.8% compared to the control, while this reduction in continuous cropping was 79.8%. Measures, such as tillage and the application of fertilisers, increased sowing density or a reduced inter-row distance, also have a significant impact on the intensity of weed occurrence in crops. With the aim of optimizing the application of herbicides, the effect of different nozzles and adjuvants on the herbicide efficiency was observed. The greatest impact on efficiency was expressed by adjuvants and to a lesser extent by nozzles, which is why their use together with herbicides is recommended for greater efficiency. In the second experiment, the differences between nozzles producing fine droplets and those produce large droplets of herbicides were assessed in the wind tunnel. Based on the obtained results, higher herbicide deposition was detected on every downwind distance using XR nozzle. As expected, higher plant damages were observed using XR nozzle, compared to TTI.