Inovativna rešenja u suzbijanju korova u usevima
Inovative solutions in crops weed control
Апстракт
U intenzivnoj ratarskoj proizvodnji je uobičajena upotreba sredstava za zaštitu
bilja. S druge strane, pojava rezistentnosti korova, štetočina i patogena, zagađenje
agroekosistema pa i ugroženost zdravlja ljudi usled primene pesticida, problemi su sa
kojima smo svakodnevno suočeni. U cilju smanjenja pojave rezistentnosti i šteta po
životnu sredinu, u Institutu za kukuruz Zemun Polje se više od 20 godina proučavaju
efekti kombinovane primene različitih mera u okviru Sistema integrisanih mera za
suzbijanje korova, čijom primenom bi se planski i dugoročno smanjila brojnost korova. U
cilju optimizacije primene herbicida, ispitivan je uticaj različitih rasprskivača
(dizni) i ađuvanata na efikasnost herbicida.
Gajenje kukuruza u dvopoljnom plodoredu sa pšenicom i posebno tropoljnom plodoredu sa
leguminozom, doprinosi značajnom smanjenju zakorovljenosti i povećanju prinosa. Nakon
osam godina primene herbicida u preporučenoj količini u tropoljnom plodoredu kukuruz-ozima p...šenica-soja, masa korova je bila manja za 92.8% u odnosu na kontrolu, dok je u
monokulturi smanjenje iznosilo 79.8%. Mere poput obrade zemljišta i primene đubriva,
povećane gustine setve ili smanjenog međurednog razmaka, takođe imaju značajan uticaj na
intezitet pojave korova u usevima.
Najveći uticaj na efikasnost herbicida ispoljili su ađuvanti, a u manjoj meri različiti
rasprskivači zbog čega se preporučuje njihova primena zajedno sa herbicidima radi
postizanja veće efikasnosti. Razlike između rasprskivača koji proizvodi fine kapljice
herbicida u odnosu na rasprskivač koji proizvodi krupnije su ukazale na tačan spektar
kapljica u odnosu na rasprskivač, depoziciju herbicida na rastojanju do 0,5-12 m od otvora
rasprskivača, kao i potencijalnu fitotoksičnost na useve za koje ispitivani herbicidi
nisu registrovani. Značajnija oštećenja i veća količina deponovonog herbicida je
utvrđena kod rasprskivača koji proizvodi finije kapljice.
The application of plant protection products is common in intensive crop production. On the
other hand, the occurrence of resistance of weeds, pests and pathogens, pollution of
agroecosystems, even the threat to human health due to the use of pesticides are common problem.
In order to stop or slow down the process of emergence of resistance and to reduce damages to the
environment, weeds and other pests need to be suppressed by an integrated approach, that is, to
design a system of measures that would systematically and far-reaching reduce the abundance of
harmful organisms. In order to effectively control weeds, these issues have been observed at the
Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje over past 20 years.
One of the most important measures within the system of integrated weed management is a
crop rotation, which, in recent years, has been avoided due to high prices and continuous cropping
had been used especially in maize production. However, growing maize in the ...two-yearcrop
rotation with winter wheat and particularly in the three-year crop rotation with legumes, has been
contributing to a significant reduction in weediness and in the yield increase. After the eight-year
application of herbicides in recommended amounts in the three-crop rotation (maize-winter wheat soybean), weed mass decreased by 92.8% compared to the control, while this reduction in
continuous cropping was 79.8%. Measures, such as tillage and the application of fertilisers,
increased sowing density or a reduced inter-row distance, also have a significant impact on the
intensity of weed occurrence in crops.
With the aim of optimizing the application of herbicides, the effect of different nozzles and
adjuvants on the herbicide efficiency was observed. The greatest impact on efficiency was
expressed by adjuvants and to a lesser extent by nozzles, which is why their use together with
herbicides is recommended for greater efficiency. In the second experiment, the differences
between nozzles producing fine droplets and those produce large droplets of herbicides were
assessed in the wind tunnel. Based on the obtained results, higher herbicide deposition was detected
on every downwind distance using XR nozzle. As expected, higher plant damages were observed
using XR nozzle, compared to TTI.
Кључне речи:
korovi / primena herbicida / sistem integrisanih mera za suzbijanje korova / weeds / application of herbicide / integrated weed management systemИзвор:
Naučni skup "Značaj razvojnih istraživanja i inovacija u funkciji unapređenja poljoprivrede i šumarstva srbije", Beograd, 04.11.2020. godine - Zbornik radova, 2020, 95-107Издавач:
- Beograd : Akademija inženjerskih nauka Srbije - AINS
- Beograd : Akademska misao
Финансирање / пројекти:
- Интегрални системи гајења ратарских усева: очување биодиверзитета и плодности земљишта (RS-MESTD-Technological Development (TD or TR)-31037)