Novi trendovi u proizvodnji bioetanola
Recent trends in bioethanol production
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Bioetanol je biogorivo koje se širom sveta koristi kao zamena za fosilna goriva. Upotrebom
smeša bioetanola i benzina može se znatno smanjiti potreba za naftom kao i emisija gasova
staklene bašte, odnosno zagađenje životne sredine. Iako se bioetanol već decenijama
proizvodi iz skrobnih i šećernih sirovina, useva namenjenih prvenstveno ishrani, danas se
smatra da korišćenje obradivih poljoprivrednih površina za proizvodnju ovog goriva nije
opravdano pa se intenzivno razvijaju tehnologije za njegovo dobijanje iz lignoceluloznih izvora
biomase kao što su šumski, poljoprivredni i komunalni otpad. Upotreba lignocelulozne
biomase za proizvodnju biogoriva biće neizbežna u bližoj budućnosti kada se očekuje da će
se tečna fosilna goriva morati zameniti obnovljivim održivim alternativama. Primena novih
enzimskih sistema za hidrolizu celuloze, sinteza fermentativnih sojeva tolerantnih na inhibitore
koji fermentišu pentozu, u kombinaciji sa optimizovanom integracijom procesa, obećavaju
...značajan napredak.
The rapid depletion of the world petroleum supply and the increasing problem
of greenhouse gas effects have strengthened the worldwide interest in alternative,
nonpetroleum sources of energy. Bioethanol accounts for the majority of
biofuel use worldwide, either as a fuel or a gasoline enhancer. Utilization of bioethanol
can significantly reduce petroleum use and exhaust greenhouse gas emission.
The production of this fuel has been increasing over the years, and has reached
the level of 73.9 billion liters during the year 2009. Even though for decades
ethanol production mainly depended on energy crops containing starch and sugar
(corn, sugar cane etc.), new technologies for converting lignocellulosic biomass
into ethanol are under development today. The use of lignocellulosic biomass, such
as agricultural residues, forest and municipial waste, for the production of biofuels
will be unavoidable if liquid fossil fuels are to be replaced by renewable and
sustainable alternative...s. For biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment
plays a central role affecting all unit operations in the process and is
also an important cost deterrent to the comercial viability of the process. The key
obstacles are: pretreatment selection and optimization; decreasing the cost of the
enzymatic hydrolysis; maximizing the conversion of sugars (including pentoses) to
ethanol; process scale-up and integration to minimize energy and water demand;
characterization and evaluation of the lignin co-product; and lastly, the use of the
representative and reliable data for cost estimation, and the determination of environmental
and socio-economic impacts. Currently, not all pretreatments are capable
of producing biomass that can be converted to sugars in high enough yield
and concentration, while being economically viable. For the three main types of
feedstocks, the developement of effective continuous fermentation technologies
with near to 100% yields and elevated volumetric productivities is one of the main
research subjects in the ethanol industry. The application of new, engineered enzyme
systems for cellulose hydrolysis, the construction of inhibitor tolerant pentose
fermenting strains, combined with optimized process integration promise
significant improvements.
Кључне речи:
bioetanol / lignocelulozna biomasa / biokonverzija / bioethanol / lignocellulosic biomass / bioconversionИзвор:
Hemijska industrija, 2011, 65, 2, 103-114Издавач:
- Beograd : Savez hemijskih inženjera Srbije - SHI
- Belgrade : Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia