Inovativna rešenja u iskorišćavanju useva - biofortifikacija u funkciji proizvodnje kvalitetne hrane

Abstract

Globalni trend industrijalizacije poljoprivrede, naročito od pojave „zelene revolucije“, karakteriše povećanje prinosa biomase, zrna i plodova useva. Ovakav trend ima za posledicu paralelno smanjenje hranljive vrednosti poljoprivrednih proizvoda, koje se ogleda u smanjenoj koncentraciji minerala i vitamina, posebno kada su u pitanju gvožđe, magnezijum, cink i selen. Kada se uzme u obzir visok stepen erozije, kao i narušavanje zemljišnog ekosistema, uz intenzivnu upotrebu mineralnih đubriva, baziranih uglavnom na azotu, fosforu i kalijumu, a bez unosa organskih đubriva, zamljišta se „ispošćuju“ i rapidno se gubi plodnost. Važno je istaći da je skoro polovina svetskih zemljišta deficitarna mineralima. Ovo se dalje, preko ciklusa ishrane, vrlo nepovoljno odražava na zdravstveno stanje ljudi i životinja, dovodeći do sistemske neishranjenosti i pojave brojnih hroničnih bolesti. Da bi se stalo na put navedenim trendovima, potrebno je proizvesti poljoprivredne proizvode bogate hranivima. Akumulacija minerala u biljkama, posebno u zrnu, kao i sinteza vitamina je kontrolisan brojnim biohemijskim procesima. Biofortifikacija ima za cilj povećanje koncentracije minerala i vitamina u jestivim delovima biljaka. Mere gajenja koje utiču na povećanje apsorpcije minerala i sintezu vitamina, kao i metode oplemenjivanja i genetičkog inženjeringa koje imaju za cilj stvaranje genotipova poželjnih osobina, mogu povoljno uticati na povećanje koncentracije minerala i vitamina u jestivim delovima gajenih biljaka. Paralelno sa povećanjem koncentracije esencijalnih minerala i vitamina, potrebno je razviti i mere kojima se utiče na smanjenje anti-nutritiva, koji sprečavaju resorpciju minerala i vitamina iz organa za varenje, odnosno njihovo iskorišćenje od strane animalnih organizama. Povećanje koncentracije esencijalnih minerala i vitamina, kao i njihova iskoristljivost od strane ljudskih i životinjskih organizama je vrlo kompleksna problematika, koja se bazira na primeni brojnih inovativnih rešenja i koja bi trebalo da predstavlja integralni deo i sponu između agronomskih i medicinskih nauka, sa ciljem poboljšanja kvaliteta agroekositema, gajenih biljaka i života, uopšte.

The globally present trend of agriculture industrialization, particularly from arising of "green revolution" was characterised with increase of biomass, grain and fruit yields. In parallel, this trend had as a consequence decrease of nutritional quality of agricultural products, reflected through reduced concentration of minerals and vitamins, especially of iron, magnesium and selenium. When high intensity of erosion and depletion of soil ecosystem was taken into account, together with intensive usage of mineral fertilizers, based on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, without incorporation of organic fertilizers, soils became exhausted, rapidly losing their fertility. It is important to underline that almost half of soils worldwide is deficient in minerals. In further, through the nutrition cycle, this situation is transmitting to health depletion of humans and animals, towards systemic malnutrition and arising of numerous chronically diseases. To combat present trends, it is necessary to produce agricultural commodities rich in essential nutrients. Various biochemical processes control accumulation of mineral nutrients in plant tissues, particularly in grains, as well as vitamins synthesis. The goal of bio-fortification is increase of concentration of essential minerals and vitamins in edible parts of plants. Thus, growing measures that enhance absorption of minerals and vitamins synthesis, as well as methods of breeding and genetic engineering, having as a target creation of genotypes with desirable traits, could be positively reflect to increase in concentration of minerals and vitamins in edible parts of agricultural plants. Correspondingly to the increase in concentration of essential minerals and vitamins, it is necessary to develop measures that will reduce concentration of anti-nutrients, which diminish absorption of minerals and vitamins from digestive organs, thus obstruct their utilization by animals and humans. The increase of concentration of essential minerals and vitamins, as well as their bioavailability and utilization by animal and human organisms is very complex issue, based on the application of various innovative solutions and it should present integral part, i.e. connection between agricultural and medical sciences, aimed to increase quality of agro-ecosystem, agricultural plants, and life, in general.