Rasprskivači i adjuvanti: mogućnosti za povećanje efikasnosti herbicida i smanjenje zanošenja
Nozzles and Adjuvants: the possibilities to increase herbicide efficacy and reduce drift
Конференцијски прилог (Објављена верзија)
Метаподаци
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Primena herbicida u sklopu integrisanog sistema suzbijanja korova mora biti
urađena tako da se postigne najviša moguća efikasnost i smanji potencijalan
negativan uticaj na životnu sredinu i susedne biljke. Na taj način je moguće
produžiti životni vek herbicida, s obzirom na veoma mali broj novih herbicida na
tržištu. Izborom odgovarajućeg ađuvanta menjaju se fizičko-hemijske osobine
rastvora, čime se povećava usvajanje herbicida od strane biljke preko smanjenja
površinskog napona ili interakcijom sa kutikulom. Pojedini ađuvanti ukrupnjavaju
kapljice herbicida ujedno smanjujući drift. Rasprskivači, kao završni elementi u
primeni herbicida, određuju pokrovnost i zanošenje herbicida. Ukoliko su
proizvedene kapljice manje od 100 mikrometara, one su veoma podložne odnošenju sa
primarnog mesta pod uticajem vetra i obrnuto. Brojni literaturni podaci ukazuju na
značajno povećanje efikasnosti herbicida ukoliko primenu prati dodavanje
adjuvanata. Ukoliko rasprskivači nema...ju uticaja na efikasnost herbicida, moguće je
da se koriste oni rasprskivači koji proizvode grube kapljice (veće od 600μm), čime se
sprečava zanošenje herbicida na susedne useve.
Rezultati naših istraživanja u kontrolisanim uslivima ukazuju da dodatak
ađuvanata u herbicidni rastvor povećava efikasnost od 18,7 do 38,3 % u odnosu iste
herbicidne tretmane bez adjuvanata. Isto tako, u dvogodišnjem poljskom ogledu
povećana je efikasnost nikosulfurona kada je primenu pratio dodatak nejonskog
surfaktanta kao adjuvanta za 6,8 %. Da zanošenje herbicida predstavlja potencijalnu
opasnost po susedne biljke pokazao je ogled u kontrolisanim uslovima u kome je
simuliran drift. Mikro doze dikambe, glifosata, mezotriona i nikosulfurona
značajno su oštetile suncokret, soju, uljanu tikvu, uljanu repicu, paradajz, papriku i
zelenu salatu. Izbor rasprskivača nije značajno uticao na efikasnost mezotriona i
rimsulfruona sa tifensulfuron-metilom kod četiri od šest testiranih korova u
kontrolisanim uslovima. Sa druge strane, u poljskom dvogodišnjem ogledu kada je
nikosulfuron primenjen gotovo da nije postojala razlika u smanjenu biomase korova
bilo XR (proizvodi fine kapljice) ili TTI diznom (veoma krupne kapljice). Dobijeni
podaci ukazuju da postoji mogućnost primene herbicida i rasprskivačima koji
proizvode krupne kapljice, s tim da je njih potrebno koristiti kada su pojačana
vazdušna strujanja.
Herbicide application as a part of an Integrated Weed Management system must be done
correctly in order to achieve the highest possible efficacy and decrease potentially negative
effects on the environment and neighbour crops. This approach makes it possible to prolong
herbicide usage, because of a limited portfolio for weed control on the market. The choice of
the appropriate adjuvant may changes the physico-chemical properties of the solution, which
increases the uptake of the herbicide by the plant through a reduction in surface tension or
interaction with the cuticle. Some adjuvants enlarge the herbicide droplets while reducing
drift. Nozzles, as the final elements in the applications, determine the coverage and drift. If
the produced droplets are smaller than 100 μm, they are prone to an off-target movement
from the primary site under the influence of wind and vice versa. Numerous literature data
indicate a significant increase in the effectiveness of herbicide...s if the application is
accompanied by the addition of adjuvants. If the nozzles do not affect the effectiveness of the
herbicide, it is possible to use those nozzles that produce coarse droplets (larger than 600μm),
which prevents the herbicide from spreading to neighbouring crops.
The results of our research in controlled conditions indicate that the addition of adjuvants to
the herbicidal solution increases the efficiency by 18.7 to 38.3% in relation to the same
herbicide treatment without adjuvants. In a two-year field trial, the efficiency of nicosulfuron
was increased when the application was accompanied by the addition of a non-ionic
surfactant as an adjuvant by 6.8%. That herbicide drift represents a potential danger to
neighbouring plants was shown by an experiment in controlled conditions in which drift was
simulated. Micro doses of dicamba, glyphosate, mesotrione and nicosulfuron significantly
damaged sunflower, soybean, pumpkin, canola, tomato, paprika and lettuce. The nozzle
selection did not significantly affect the efficacy of mesotrione and rimsulfuron with
thifensulfuron-methyl in four out of six weeds tested under controlled conditions. On the
other hand, in a two-year field trial when nicosulfuron was applied, there was no difference in
the weed biomass reduction with either XR (fine droplet products) or TTI nozzle (very coarse
droplets). The obtained data indicate that there is a possibility of application of herbicides
with nozzles that produce large droplets, when wind velocity is higher.
Кључне речи:
efikasnost / primena / zanošenje / application / efficiency / drift / herbicideИзвор:
10. Simpozijum sa međunarodnim učešćem Inovacije u ratarskoj i povrtarskoj proizvodnji, Beograd, 21-22.10.2021. godine - Zbornik radova, 2021, 27-28Издавач:
- Beograd : Univerzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet