Thousand-seed weight in the theory and practice

Abstract

Out of approximately 100 seed traits, 20 are of the marketing importance, and 10-15, including the 1000-seed weight (TSW) have been studied. There are many articles partially dealing with TSW in our literature related to the seed industry, but none of them is all-inclusive. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine: (1) a role, (2) factors of formation and (3) obtaining desirable TWS (DTWS). Germination, yield and trade depend on TWS, while TWS is interrelated with a dozen of other parameters, selection of sowing plates, determination of the amounts of seeds necessary for sowing (sowing rate) and the depth of sowing, and can be an indicator of some other seed or crop traits. TSW depends on inheritance and conditions and is interrelated with sowing, drying and processing. Individual factors of TSW are numerous and classified into two groups each with two subgroups: a) agro ecological (abiotic and biotic) and b) agro technological (cropping practices and processing). The species and variety, crop density and uniformity, irrigation regime and fertilization have the greatest impact on TSW, while the effects of soil tillage and weather conditions, except during pollination and maturing, are of less importance. Seed fractioning is crucial, but it is less performed in our country than world-wide. The desirable TSW (DTWS) is a term designating higher-quality, more homogenous and greater yield of seed units in the whole process of the seed production. It is necessary to analyze DTWS for all varieties in order to determine DTWS that will provide the highest yield of viable and uniform seeds per hectare. Labor rationalization and productivity require obtaining DTWS as high as possible in the filed and maintaining it in processing.

Od blizu sto osobina semena, 20 ima tržišni značaj, a 10-15 se ispituje, delom i masa 1.000 semena (MHS). U našoj semenarskoj literaturi uočen je znatan broj parcijalnih napisa o MHS, a ni jedan sveobuhvatan, što je cilj ovog rada. Ovde su utvrđeni: (1) uloga, (2) činioci formiranja i (3) dobijanje poželjne MHS. Od MHS zavisi klijavost, prinos i promet, MHS služi za dobijanje 15-tak drugih parametara, izbor sejnih ploča, određivanje količine semena za setvu (setvena norma) i dubine setve, a može biti indikator nekih drugih svojstava semena ili useva. MHS zavisi od nasleđa i uslova, a međuzavisna je sa setvom, sušenjem i doradom. Pojedinačni činioci MHS su brojni, a svrstani su u po 2 grupe i podgrupe: a) agroekološki (abiotički i biotički) i b) agrotehnološki (agrotehničke mere i dorada). Najveći uticaj na MHS imaju: vrsta i sorta, gustina i ujednačenost useva, vodni režim i đubrenje, a manji: obrada zemljišta i vremenske prilike, osim u oplođenju i zrenju. Kalibrisanje na fakcije semena je presudno, što se kod nas ređe radi nego u svetu. Poželjna MHS (Pmhs) je pojam za označavanje što kvalitetnijeg, homogenijeg i brojnijeg prinosa semenskih jedinki u celom procesu semenarstva. Potrebno je za sve sorte istražiti Pmhs, odnosno uslove koji daju najveći prinos vitalnih i ujednačenih semena u broju po hektaru. Racionalizacija i produktivnost rada podrazumevaju da se težište za dobijanje Pmhs prenese na njivu i ne zanemari u doradi.