Prirodni resursi kao izvor hraniva – uloga organskih i bio-đubriva u ishrani biljaka

Abstract

Savremena poljoprivredna proizvodnja se suočava sa progresivnim smanjenjem obradivih površina, zagađenjem zemljišta i voda, ekstremnom fluktuacijom meteoroloških uslova, nedostatkom đubriva, kao i enormnim skokom cena istih. Upotreba mineralnih đubriva dugoročno dovodi do iscrpljivanja zemljišta mikro-hranivima i smanjenja plodnosti i organske materije. Danas sve više raste potreba za primenom drugačijih izvora hraniva koji bi u potpunosti zadovoljili potrebe useva i povoljno se odrazili na plodnost zemljišta. Stajnjak je jedan od najznačajnih đubriva koji utiče na plodnost zemljišta, ali nedostatak stočnog fonda uslovljava njegovu (ne) raspoloživost. Stoga su razvijeni održivi sistemi đubrenja, kao što su zelenišna đubriva, malč, kompost i biohar, koji povoljno utiču na kvalitet zemljišta i na prinos gajenih biljaka, posebno kada se koriste duži niz godina. Bio-đubriva se sas toje od korisnih mikroorganizama i predstavljaju jedinstvenu praksu za poboljšanje plodnosti zemljišta i prinosa useva. Pojedinačni mikroorganizmi, kao i njihovi konzorcijumi, mogu da ubrzaju razlaganje žetvenih ostataka, povećaju pristupačnost makro- i mikro-elemenata iz zemljišta i promovišu rast i fitnes biljaka sintetišući fitohormone i stimulatore. Pokazalo se da organska i bio-đubriva, posebno pri dugotrajnoj primeni, mogu da održe, kao i da povrate plodnost erodiranim zemljištima. Takođe, njihova upotreba se povoljno odražava i na rast i potencijal prinosa gajenih biljka, obezbeđujući im sve potrebne makro- i mikro-elemente, kao i brojne druge protektivne i stimulativne supstance.

Modern agricultural production is faced with a progressive reduction of arable land, soil and water pollution, extreme fluctuations in meteorological conditions, a lack of fertilizers, as well as an enormous jump in their prices. The use of mineral fertilizers in the long term leads to depletion of the soil with micro-nutrients and a decrease in fertility and organic matter. Today, the need for the application of different sources of nutrients that would fully satisfy the needs of crops and have a favorable effect on soil fertility is growing. Manure is one of the most important fertilizers that affects soil fertility, but the lack of livestock determines its (una) availability. Therefore, sustainable fertilization systems have been developed, such as green manures, mulch, compost and biochar, which have a favorable effect on the quality of the soil and the yield of cultivated plants, especially when used for many years. Bio-fertilizers consist of beneficial microorganisms and are a unique practice for improving soil fertility and crop yields. Individual microorganisms, as well as their consortia, can accelerate the decomposition of crop residues, increase the availability of macro- and micro-elements from the soil, and promote plant growth and fitness by synthesizing phytohormones and stimulators. It has been shown that organic and bio-fertilizers, especially with long-term application, can maintain and restore the fertility of eroded soils. Also, their use has a favorable effect on the growth and yield potential of cultivated plants, providing them with all the necessary macro- and micro-elements, as well as numerous other protective and stimulating substances.